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廉颇者，赵之良将也。赵惠文王十六年，廉颇为赵将伐齐，大破之，取阳晋，拜为上卿，以勇气闻于诸侯。蔺相如者，赵人也，为赵宦者令缪贤舍人。Lian Po was a capable general of Zhao. In the sixteenth year of King Huawen of Zhao (263 BC), Lian Po served as a general of Zhao and attacked Qi, achieving a great victory. He captured Yangjin and was appointed as an Upper Chancellor. His bravery became renowned among the feudal lords. Lan Xiangru was a native of Zhao, and served as an attendant in the household of Miou Xian, the Eunuch Commander of Zhao.
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赵惠文王时，得楚和氏璧。秦昭王闻之，使人遗赵王书，愿以十五城请易璧。赵王与大将军廉颇诸大臣谋：欲予秦，秦城恐不可得，徒见欺；欲勿予，即患秦兵之来。计未定，求人可使报秦者，未得。宦者令缪贤曰：“臣舍人蔺相如可使。”王问：“何以知之？”对曰：“臣尝有罪，窃计欲亡走燕，臣舍人相如止臣，曰：‘君何以知燕王？’臣语曰：‘臣尝从大王与燕王会境上，燕王私握臣手，曰“愿结友”。以此知之，故欲往。’相如谓臣曰：‘夫赵强而燕弱，而君幸于赵王，故燕王欲结于君。今君乃亡赵走燕，燕畏赵，其势必不敢留君，而束君归赵矣。君不如肉袒伏斧质请罪，则幸得脱矣。’臣从其计，大王亦幸赦臣。臣窃以为其人勇士，有智谋，宜可使。”于是王召见，问蔺相如曰：“秦王以十五城请易寡人之璧，可予不？”相如曰：“秦强而赵弱，不可不许。”王曰：“取吾璧，不予我城，柰何？”相如曰：“秦以城求璧而赵不许，曲在赵。赵予璧而秦不予赵城，曲在秦。均之二策，宁许以负秦曲。”王曰：“谁可使者？”相如曰：“王必无人，臣愿奉璧往使。城入赵而璧留秦；城不入，臣请完璧归赵。”赵王于是遂遣相如奉璧西入秦。During the reign of King Huawen of Zhao, they acquired the He Shi Bi jade from the state of Chu. King Zhao of Qin heard about it and sent envoys to King Huawen with a letter, offering fifteen cities in exchange for the jade. King Zhao and Grand General Lian Po along with other ministers deliberated: if they were to give the jade to Qin, it was feared that the fifteen cities would not be obtained, resulting in being deceived. If they refused to give it up, there was a concern about Qin's military forces coming. The plan had not yet been decided when they sought someone who could be sent as an envoy to reply to Qin, but no suitable person was found. Miou Xian, the Eunuchs' Commander, said: "My attendant Lan Xiangru is fit to be sent." The king asked, "How do you know this?" He replied: "I once committed a crime and secretly planned to flee to Yan. My attendant Xiangru stopped me, saying, 'How do you know King of Yan?'" I said: "I once accompanied the great king to meet King of Yan at the border. King of Yan privately held my hand and said, 'I wish to be friends.'" From this he knew it, so I wanted to go." Xiangru said to me: "Suo is strong while Yan is weak, and you are favored by King Zhao; therefore, King of Yan wants to befriend you. Now if you flee from Zhao to Yan, Yan fears Zhao and would certainly not dare keep you but instead bind you and return you to Zhao. You are better off prostrating yourself bare-chested before the chopping block, pleading for forgiveness; then perhaps you may be spared." I followed his advice and was fortunate that Your Majesty also pardoned me. I secretly considered him a brave man with wisdom and strategy, so he should be suitable to send." Thus the king summoned him for an audience and asked Lan Xiangru, "King Qin is offering fifteen cities to exchange for my jade. Should I give it?" Xiangru replied: "Qin is strong and Zhao is weak; we cannot refuse." The king said, "If they take my jade but do not give me the cities, what should I do?" Xiangru replied: "If Qin offers its city for the jade and Zhao refuses, then the wrong lies with Zhao. Zhao gives up the jade but Qin does not give Zhao the cities; then the wrong lies with Qin. Comparing these two options, it is better to agree and let Qin bear the blame." The king asked: "Who can be sent?" Xiangru said, "If the king has no one else, I am willing to carry the jade and go as an envoy. The cities will be given to Zhao while the jade remains in Qin; if they are not, I shall request to return the intact jade back to Zhao." King Zhao then sent Xiangru westward with the jade into Qin.
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秦王坐章台见相如，相如奉璧奏秦王。秦王大喜，传以示美人及左右，左右皆呼万岁。相如视秦王无意偿赵城，乃前曰：“璧有瑕，请指示王。”王授璧，相如因持璧却立，倚柱，怒髪上冲冠，谓秦王曰：“大王欲得璧，使人发书至赵王，赵王悉召群臣议，皆曰‘秦贪，负其强，以空言求璧，偿城恐不可得’。议不欲予秦璧。臣以为布衣之交尚不相欺，况大国乎！且以一璧之故逆强秦之驩，不可。于是赵王乃斋戒五日，使臣奉璧，拜送书于庭。何者？严大国之威以修敬也。今臣至，大王见臣列观，礼节甚倨；得璧，传之美人，以戏弄臣。臣观大王无意偿赵王城邑，故臣复取璧。大王必欲急臣，臣头今与璧俱碎于柱矣！”相如持其璧睨柱，欲以击柱。秦王恐其破璧，乃辞谢固请，召有司案图，指从此以往十五都予赵。相如度秦王特以诈详为予赵城，实不可得，乃谓秦王曰：“和氏璧，天下所共传宝也，赵王恐，不敢不献。赵王送璧时，斋戒五日，今大王亦宜斋戒五日，设九宾于廷，臣乃敢上璧。”秦王度之，终不可强夺，遂许斋五日，舍相如广成传。相如度秦王虽斋，决负约不偿城，乃使其从者衣褐，怀其璧，从径道亡，归璧于赵。The King of Qin sat at Zhangtai to receive Lan Xiangru, who presented the jade to the King of Qin. King Qin was greatly pleased and passed it around for his concubines and attendants to see; all on the side called out "Ten thousand years!" Seeing that King Qin had no intention of compensating Zhao with the cities, Xiangru stepped forward and said: "The jade has a flaw; please allow me to show it to Your Majesty." The king handed over the jade, and Xiangru then held it back while stepping away to stand by a pillar. Leaning against the column, his anger caused his hair to rise straight up toward his hat as he said to King Qin: "Your Majesty desires the jade; you sent envoys with letters to King Zhao of Zhao. King Zhao summoned all ministers for discussion, and they all said 'Qin is greedy, relying on its strength, using empty words to demand the jade, it seems unlikely that we will obtain the cities in return.'" They debated and did not wish to give Qin the jade. I believe that even among common people, friendships are still not deceitful; how much more so for great states! Moreover, to offend the goodwill of powerful Qin over a single piece of jade is unacceptable. Thus King Zhao observed five days of purification rites, and sent me to present the jade, bowing in ceremony at the court. Why? To show respect and reverence for the majesty of a great state. Now that I have arrived, Your Majesty received me in an ordinary hall, with very disrespectful courtesy; You obtained the jade and passed it to your concubines for amusement, treating me as a toy. I have observed that Your Majesty has no intention of giving Zhao the cities promised to King Zhao, so I have taken back the jade. If you insist on pressuring me, Your Majesty, my head will now shatter together with this jade against this pillar!" Xiangru held the jade and glared at the column as if ready to smash it. Fearing that he might break the jade, King Qin apologized and earnestly requested otherwise, summoning officials to consult the map, pointing out fifteen commanderies from this point onward to be given to Zhao. Xiangru judged that King Qin was merely pretending to give Zhao the cities through deception, and in reality they could not be obtained. He then said to King Qin: "The He Shi Bi is a treasure known throughout the world; King Zhao of Zhao feared greatly and dared not fail to present it. When King Zhao sent the jade, he observed five days of purification; now Your Majesty should also observe five days of purification and set up a grand ceremony with nine attendants in the court. Only then shall I dare to present the jade." King Qin considered it and realized that he could not forcibly take it, so he agreed to observe five days of purification. Xiangru was lodged in the Guangcheng Guesthouse. Xiangru judged that although King Qin observed the purification rites, he would certainly break the agreement and not give the cities. So he sent his attendant dressed in plain clothes to carry the jade away through a shortcut back to Zhao.
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秦王斋五日后，乃设九宾礼于廷，引赵使者蔺相如。相如至，谓秦王曰：“秦自缪公以来二十馀君，未尝有坚明约束者也。臣诚恐见欺于王而负赵，故令人持璧归，闲至赵矣。且秦强而赵弱，大王遣一介之使至赵，赵立奉璧来。今以秦之强而先割十五都予赵，赵岂敢留璧而得罪于大王乎？臣知欺大王之罪当诛，臣请就汤镬，唯大王与群臣孰计议之。”秦王与群臣相视而嘻。左右或欲引相如去，秦王因曰：“今杀相如，终不能得璧也，而绝秦赵之驩，不如因而厚遇之，使归赵，赵王岂以一璧之故欺秦邪！”卒廷见相如，毕礼而归之。After five days of purification, King Qin set up the grand ceremony with nine attendants at court and summoned Zhao's envoy Lan Xiangru. Xiangru arrived and said to King Qin: "Since Duke Mu of Qin, in the more than twenty rulers who have followed, none has ever been firm and clear in keeping agreements. I truly feared being deceived by Your Majesty and betraying Zhao, so I sent someone to return the jade, which has already reached Zhao. Moreover, Qin is strong and Zhao weak; Your Majesty sent a single envoy to Zhao, and Zhao immediately presented the jade. Now with Qin's strength, if you first cede fifteen commanderies to Zhao, how could Zhao dare keep the jade and commit an offense against Your Majesty? I know that my crime of deceiving Your Majesty deserves punishment. I request to be boiled alive; please, let Your Majesty and your ministers deliberate carefully." King Qin and his ministers looked at each other in silence for a while. Some of the attendants wanted to lead Xiangru away, but King Qin said: "Now if we kill Xiangru, we still cannot obtain the jade and will cut off friendly relations between Qin and Zhao. It is better to treat him kindly and send him back to Zhao; would King Zhao really deceive Qin over just one piece of jade?" In the end, they formally received Xiangru in court, completed the ceremony, and sent him back.
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相如既归，赵王以为贤大夫使不辱于诸侯，拜相如为上大夫。秦亦不以城予赵，赵亦终不予秦璧。After returning to Zhao, King Zhao considered Xiangru a capable envoy who had not brought disgrace upon the state in dealings with the feudal lords and appointed him as an Upper Doctor. Qin did not give Zhao any cities, nor did Zhao finally hand over the jade to Qin.
6 打开字典廉颇蔺相... :
其后秦伐赵，拔石城。明年，复攻赵，杀二万人。Later, Qin attacked Zhao and captured Shicheng. The following year, they again attacked Zhao, killing 20,000 men.
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秦王使使者告赵王，欲与王为好会于西河外渑池。赵王畏秦，欲毋行。廉颇、蔺相如计曰：“王不行，示赵弱且怯也。”赵王遂行，相如从。廉颇送至境，与王诀曰：“王行，度道里会遇之礼毕，还，不过三十日。三十日不还，则请立太子为王。以绝秦望。”王许之，遂与秦王会渑池。秦王饮酒酣，曰：“寡人窃闻赵王好音，请奏瑟。”赵王鼓瑟。秦御史前书曰“某年月日，秦王与赵王会饮，令赵王鼓瑟”。蔺相如前曰：“赵王窃闻秦王善为秦声，请奏盆缻秦王，以相娱乐。”秦王怒，不许。于是相如前进缻，因跪请秦王。秦王不肯击缻。相如曰：“五步之内，相如请得以颈血溅大王矣！”左右欲刃相如，相如张目叱之，左右皆靡。于是秦王不怿，为一击缻。相如顾召赵御史书曰“某年月日，秦王为赵王击缻”。秦之群臣曰：“请以赵十五城为秦王寿”。蔺相如亦曰：“请以秦之咸阳为赵王寿。”秦王竟酒，终不能加胜于赵。赵亦盛设兵以待秦，秦不敢动。King Qin sent envoys to inform King Zhao that he wished to meet with him in good faith at Mianchi, outside the western bank of the He River. King Zhao feared Qin and wanted not to go. Lian Po and Lan Xiangru planned: "If the king does not go, it will show that Zhao is weak and timid." King Zhao thus went ahead, with Xiangru accompanying him. Lian Po saw them off to the border and bade farewell to the king, saying: "Your Majesty, when you go, estimate that after completing the rites of meeting on the road, your return should not exceed thirty days. If you do not return within thirty days, I shall please request to install the crown prince as king." This would cut off Qin's expectations." The king agreed, and thus met with King Qin at Mianchi. King Qin, after drinking heavily, said: "I have secretly heard that King Zhao enjoys music; please play the se." King Zhao played the se. Qin's imperial historian stepped forward and recorded: "On a certain year, month, and day, King Qin dined with King Zhao and ordered King Zhao to play the se." Lan Xiangru stepped forward and said: "King Zhao has secretly heard that King Qin is skilled in playing the Qin music; please allow me to present a basin and jar for King Qin, so we may entertain each other." King Qin was angry and refused. Thus Xiangru stepped forward with the jar, kneeling to request King Qin to play it. King Qin refused to strike the jar. Xiangru said: "Within five steps, I will request permission to splatter my blood on Your Majesty!" Those around King Qin wanted to kill Xiangru with their swords, but Xiangru glared fiercely at them and shouted, causing all of them to retreat. Thus King Qin was displeased and struck the jar once. Xiangru turned around, summoned Zhao's imperial historian, and had him record: "On a certain year, month and day, King Qin struck the jar for King Zhao." The ministers of Qin said: "Please offer fifteen cities of Zhao as a tribute to King Qin's longevity." Lan Xiangru also said: "Please offer the city of Xianyang in Qin as a tribute to King Zhao's longevity." King Qin finished his wine, but ultimately could not gain an advantage over Zhao. Zhao had also made elaborate military preparations to await Qin, and Qin dared not move.
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既罢归国，以相如功大，拜为上卿，位在廉颇之右。廉颇曰：“我为赵将，有攻城野战之大功，而蔺相如徒以口舌为劳，而位居我上，且相如素贱人，吾羞，不忍为之下。”宣言曰：“我见相如，必辱之。”相如闻，不肯与会。相如每朝时，常称病，不欲与廉颇争列。已而相如出，望见廉颇，相如引车避匿。于是舍人相与谏曰：“臣所以去亲戚而事君者，徒慕君之高义也。今君与廉颇同列，廉君宣恶言而君畏匿之，恐惧殊甚，且庸人尚羞之，况于将相乎！臣等不肖，请辞去。”蔺相如固止之，曰：“公之视廉将军孰与秦王？”曰：“不若也。”相如曰：“夫以秦王之威，而相如廷叱之，辱其群臣，相如虽驽，独畏廉将军哉？顾吾念之，强秦之所以不敢加兵于赵者，徒以吾两人在也。今两虎共鬬，其势不俱生。吾所以为此者，以先国家之急而后私雠也。”廉颇闻之，肉袒负荆，因宾客至蔺相如门谢罪。曰：“鄙贱之人，不知将军宽之至此也。”卒相与驩，为刎颈之交。After returning from the meeting, because Xiangru's achievements were great, he was appointed as an Upper Chancellor and ranked higher than Lian Po. Lian Po said: "I am a general of Zhao, having achieved great feats in capturing cities and fighting on the battlefield. However, Lan Xiangru has only labored with his words and yet holds a position above mine. Moreover, Xiangru is an ordinary man; I feel ashamed to be beneath him." He declared: "When I see Xiangru, I will surely humiliate him." Xiangru heard this and refused to meet with him. Whenever Xiangru attended court, he often claimed illness, not wishing to compete for precedence with Lian Po. Later, when Xiangru went out and saw Lian Po from a distance, he turned his carriage away to avoid him. His attendants then jointly advised: "The reason we left our relatives and served you is merely to admire your noble virtue. Now you are on equal rank with Lian Po, yet when he made harsh words against you, you fear and hide from him greatly. Even an ordinary person would be ashamed of this; how much more so a general or chancellor! We are unworthy servants; please allow us to resign." Lan Xiangru firmly stopped them, saying: "Which of you thinks General Lian is more formidable than King Qin?" They replied: "Not as much." Xiangru said: "With the might of King Qin, I still scolded him in court and humiliated his ministers. Though I am slow-witted, could I alone fear General Lian?" But I think that the reason why powerful Qin dares not to send troops against Zhao is merely because both of us are here. If two tigers fight, they cannot both survive. This is why I do this: to place the urgency of our state before personal grievances." Lian Po heard about it, bared his back and carried a cypress branch, and through guests went to Lan Xiangru's door to apologize. He said: "A humble and lowly man like me did not know the general would be so magnanimous as this." In the end, they became close friends, a bond of life-and-death friendship.
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是岁，廉颇东攻齐，破其一军。居二年，廉颇复伐齐几，拔之。后三年，廉颇攻魏之防陵、安阳，拔之。后四年，蔺相如将而攻齐，至平邑而罢。其明年，赵奢破秦军阏与下。That year, Lian Po attacked Qi in the east and defeated one of its armies. After two years, Lian Po again attacked Ji of Qi and captured it. Three years later, Lian Po attacked Fangling and Anyang of Wei and captured them. Four years later, Lan Xiangru led an attack on Qi but withdrew upon reaching Pingyi. The following year, Zhao She defeated the Qin army at Yuyu.
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赵奢者，赵之田部吏也。收租税而平原君家不肯出赵，奢以法治之，杀平原君用事者九人。平原君怒，将杀奢。奢因说曰：“君于赵为贵公子，今纵君家而不奉公则法削，法削则国弱，国弱则诸侯加兵，诸侯加兵是无赵也，君安得有此富乎？以君之贵，奉公如法则上下平，上下平则国强，国强则赵固，而君为贵戚，岂轻于天下邪？”平原君以为贤，言之于王。王用之治国赋，国赋大平，民富而府库实。Zhao She was an official in charge of land affairs for the state of Zhao. When collecting taxes, Zhao She found that Lord Pingyuan's family refused to pay, so he enforced the law and executed nine of Lord Pingyuan's influential retainers. Lord Pingyuan was furious and intended to kill Zhao She. Zhao She then said: "You, my lord, are a noble son of Zhao. If you now allow your family to evade public duties without consequence, the law will be weakened. A weakened legal system leads to a weak state; a weak state invites attacks from rival states. When rival states attack, Zhao will no longer exist. How then can you retain such wealth?" "With your noble status, if you uphold the law and fulfill public duties, then superiors and inferiors will be in harmony. When there is harmony between high and low, the state becomes strong; a strong state ensures Zhao's stability. As a noble relative of the royal family, how could you possibly be more important than the whole country?" Lord Pingyuan considered him virtuous and recommended him to the king. The king employed him to manage state revenues, and under his administration, the country's finances were in good order; the people prospered and the treasury was full.
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秦伐韩，军于阏与。王召廉颇而问曰：“可救不？”对曰：“道远险狭，难救。”又召乐乘而问焉，乐乘对如廉颇言。又召问赵奢，奢对曰：“其道远险狭，譬之犹两鼠鬬于穴中，将勇者胜。”王乃令赵奢将，救之。Qin attacked Han and stationed its army at Yuyu. The king summoned Lian Po and asked, "Should we send aid?" Lian Po replied: "The road is distant, dangerous, and narrow; it will be difficult to rescue them." He then summoned Yue Cheng and asked him the same question. Yue Cheng's reply was the same as Lian Po's. He then summoned Zhao She and asked him, who replied: "The road is distant and narrow. It's like two rats fighting in a hole; the one with greater courage will win." The king then ordered Zhao She to lead an army to rescue them.
12 打开字典显示相似段落相关讨论廉颇蔺相... :
兵去邯郸三十里，而令军中曰：“有以军事谏者死。”秦军军武安西，秦军鼓噪勒兵，武安屋瓦尽振。军中候有一人言急救武安，赵奢立斩之。坚壁，留二十八日不行，复益增垒。秦闲来入，赵奢善食而遣之。闲以报秦将，秦将大喜曰：“夫去国三十里而军不行，乃增垒，阏与非赵地也。”赵奢既已遣秦闲，卷甲而趋之，二日一夜至，今善射者去阏与五十里而军。军垒成，秦人闻之，悉甲而至。军士许历请以军事谏，赵奢曰：“内之。”许历曰：“秦人不意赵师至此，其来气盛，将军必厚集其阵以待之。不然，必败。”赵奢曰：“请受令。”许历曰：“请就鈇质之诛。”赵奢曰：“胥后令邯郸。”许历复请谏，曰：“先据北山上者胜，后至者败。”赵奢许诺，即发万人趋之。秦兵后至，争山不得上，赵奢纵兵击之，大破秦军。秦军解而走，遂解阏与之围而归。When the troops had marched thirty li from Handan, he gave orders in the camp: "Anyone who dares to advise on military matters will be executed." The Qin army was stationed west of Wu'an. The Qin forces beat drums and shouted as they prepared for battle, shaking the roof tiles of Wu'an completely. A scout in Zhao She's army suggested rushing to relieve Wu'an immediately; Zhao She had him executed on the spot. Zhao She reinforced his defenses, remaining stationary for twenty-eight days without advancing and further strengthening his fortifications. When a Qin spy infiltrated the camp, Zhao She treated him well with food before sending him away. The spy reported this to the Qin general, who rejoiced and said: "Their army has marched only thirty li from their homeland yet they have not advanced, instead strengthening their defenses. Yuyu will certainly not remain in Zhao's hands." After sending away the Qin spy, Zhao She suddenly mobilized his troops and rushed toward Yuyu. In two days and one night he arrived, stationing his well-armed archers fifty li from Yuyu. When the defenses were completed, the Qin forces heard of it and came fully armed to confront them. A soldier named Xu Li requested permission to advise on military strategy; Zhao She said, "Speak." Xu Li said: "The Qin forces did not expect our army to arrive here. They are coming with high morale, so General, you must concentrate your troops and prepare for battle." Otherwise, we will surely be defeated." Zhao She said: "I accept your advice." Xu Li said: "Please execute me according to the law for speaking out of turn." Zhao She said: "I will report you to Handan later." Xu Li again requested permission to advise, saying: "Whoever occupies the northern mountain first will win; whoever arrives later will lose." Zhao She agreed and immediately dispatched ten thousand men toward it. The Qin forces arrived later, struggling to ascend the mountain. Zhao She launched an attack and decisively defeated the Qin army. The Qin troops retreated in disarray, thus lifting the siege of Yuyu before returning.
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赵惠文王赐奢号为马服君，以许历为国尉。赵奢于是与廉颇、蔺相如同位。King Huawen of Zhao bestowed on Zhao She the title Marfu Jun and appointed Xu Li as State Magistrate. Zhao She thus became equal in rank to Lian Po and Lan Xiangru.
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后四年，赵惠文王卒，子孝成王立。七年，秦与赵兵相距长平，时赵奢已死，而蔺相如病甐，赵使廉颇将攻秦，秦数败赵军，赵军固壁不战。秦数挑战，廉颇不肯。赵王信秦之闲。秦之闲言曰：“秦之所恶，独畏马服君赵奢之子赵括为将耳。”赵王因以括为将，代廉颇。蔺相如曰：“王以名使括，若胶柱而鼓瑟耳。括徒能读其父书传，不知合变也。”赵王不听，遂将之。Four years later, King Huawen of Zhao died, and his son, King Xiaocheng, ascended the throne. In the seventh year, Qin and Zhao's armies faced each other at Changping. At that time, Zhao She had already died, and Lan Xiangru was seriously ill; Zhao sent Lian Po to lead an attack against Qin. The Qin army repeatedly defeated Zhao's forces, but Zhao's troops remained entrenched in their defenses and refused battle. The Qin forces repeatedly challenged them, but Lian Po would not accept the fight. King Zhao believed in a Qin spy's report. The Qin spy claimed: "What the Qin fear most is only that Zhao Kuò, the son of Marfu Jun Zhao She, becomes a general." King Zhao therefore appointed Zhao Kuo as commander to replace Lian Po. Lan Xiangru said: "The king is appointing Zhao Kuo based on his name alone; it's like gluing the tuning pegs of a se and then trying to play music." "Zhao Kuo is only capable of reading his father's writings, but he does not understand how to adapt them to changing circumstances." King Zhao did not listen and proceeded to appoint him.
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赵括自少时学兵法，言兵事，以天下莫能当。尝与其父奢言兵事，奢不能难，然不谓善。括母问奢其故，奢曰：“兵，死地也，而括易言之。使赵不将括即已，若必将之，破赵军者必括也。”及括将行，其母上书言于王曰：“括不可使将。”王曰：“何以？”对曰：“始妾事其父，时为将，身所奉饭饮而进食者以十数，所友者以百数，大王及宗室所赏赐者尽以予军吏士大夫，受命之日，不问家事。今括一旦为将，东向而朝，军吏无敢仰视之者，王所赐金帛，归藏于家，而日视便利田宅可买者买之。王以为何如其父？父子异心，愿王勿遣。”王曰：“母置之，吾已决矣。”括母因曰：“王终遣之，即有如不称，妾得无随坐乎？”王许诺。Zhao Kuo, since his youth, had studied military strategy and discussed matters of war, claiming that no one in the world could match him. He once debated military affairs with his father Zhao She; although Zhao She could not find fault, he did not consider it good. Zhao Kuo's mother asked Zhao She why this was so; Zhao She replied: "War is a matter of life and death, yet Zhao Kuo speaks about it lightly. If Zhao does not appoint him as general, that is fine; but if they must appoint him, the one who will destroy Zhao's army will surely be Zhao Kuo." When Zhao Kuo was about to depart for command, his mother submitted a petition to the king saying: "Zhao Kuo must not be allowed to lead troops." The king asked: "Why is that?" She replied: "At first, when I served his father, who was a general, he personally fed dozens of men and befriended hundreds. All the rewards from Your Majesty and the royal family were given to officers and soldiers; on receiving his orders, he never asked about home affairs. Now, Zhao Kuo has suddenly become a general; he faces east in court and no officer dares to look up at him. The gold and silk granted by the king are stored at home, while he daily inspects suitable farmland and houses for purchase. How can Your Majesty think his conduct resembles that of his father?" Father and son have different hearts. I hope the king will not send him." The king said: "Madam, please do not trouble yourself further; my decision is already made." Zhao Kuo's mother then said: "If the king insists on sending him, and if he proves unworthy, may I not be punished as well?" The king agreed.
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赵括既代廉颇，悉更约束，易置军吏。秦将白起闻之，纵奇兵，详败走，而绝其粮道，分断其军为二，士卒离心。四十馀日，军饿，赵括出锐卒自博战，秦军射杀赵括。括军败，数十万之众遂降秦，秦悉坑之。赵前后所亡凡四十五万。明年，秦兵遂围邯郸，岁馀，几不得脱。赖楚、魏诸侯来救，乃得解邯郸之围。赵王亦以括母先言，竟不诛也。After Zhao Kuo replaced Lian Po, he completely changed the regulations and replaced many of the military officers. The Qin general Bai Qi heard about this and deployed special forces, pretending to retreat in defeat while cutting off Zhao's supply lines. He divided the Zhao army into two parts, causing the soldiers' morale to crumble. After more than forty days of starvation, Zhao Kuo led his elite troops in a desperate charge to break through the encirclement. The Qin army shot and killed Zhao Kuo. With Zhao Kuo dead, his forces were defeated, and hundreds of thousands surrendered to the Qin, who then buried them all alive. In total, Zhao lost forty-five thousand soldiers in this campaign. The following year, the Qin army then besieged Handan; for over a year, it was nearly impossible to break free. It was only due to the aid of the states of Chu and Wei that the siege of Handan was lifted. King Zhao, because Zhao Kuo's mother had previously warned him, ultimately did not punish her.
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自邯郸围解五年，而燕用栗腹之谋，曰“赵壮者尽于长平，其孤未壮”，举兵击赵。赵使廉颇将，击，大破燕军于鄗，杀栗腹，遂围燕。燕割五城请和，乃听之。赵以尉文封廉颇为信平君，为假相国。Five years after the siege of Handan had been lifted, Yan used Lifu's strategy and said: "Zhao's strong men were all lost at Changping; their orphans are still too young to fight." With this reasoning, Yan raised an army to attack Zhao. Zhao sent Lian Po as general to fight back; he heavily defeated the Yan forces at Hao, killed Lifu, and then laid siege to Yan. Yan ceded five cities in a plea for peace, and Zhao accepted their request. Zhao granted Lian Po the title Xinping Jun of Weifeng and appointed him as Acting Chancellor.
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廉颇之免长平归也，失势之时，故客尽去。及复用为将，客又复至。廉颇曰：“客退矣！”客曰：“吁！君何见之晚也？夫天下以市道交，君有势，我则从君，君无势则去，此固其理也，有何怨乎？”居六年，赵使廉颇伐魏之繁阳，拔之。When Lian Po was dismissed from his post at Changping and returned, during the time he lost power, all his former retainers left him. When he was reappointed as a general, they once again returned to him. Lian Po said: "You may go away!" The retainers replied: "Ah! Why did you recognize the truth so late, General? "In this world, people make connections like in a marketplace. When you had power, we followed you; when you lost it, we left. This is only natural. What reason do you have to be angry?" Six years later, Zhao sent Lian Po to attack Fanyang of Wei, and captured it.
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赵孝成王卒，子悼襄王立，使乐乘代廉颇。廉颇怒，攻乐乘，乐乘走。廉颇遂奔魏之大梁。其明年，赵乃以李牧为将而攻燕，拔武遂、方城。King Xiaocheng of Zhao died; his son, King Daoxiang, ascended the throne and sent Yue Cheng to replace Lian Po. Lian Po was furious, attacked Yue Cheng, who fled. Lian Po then fled to Daliang of the state of Wei. The following year, Zhao appointed Li Mu as general and attacked Yan, capturing Wusui and Fangcheng.
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廉颇居梁久之，魏不能信用。赵以数困于秦兵，赵王思复得廉颇，廉颇亦思复用于赵。赵王使使者视廉颇尚可用否。廉颇之仇郭开多与使者金，令毁之。赵使者既见廉颇，廉颇为之一饭斗米，肉十斤，被甲上马，以示尚可用。赵使还报王曰：“廉将军虽老，尚善饭，然与臣坐，顷之三遗矢矣。”赵王以为老，遂不召。Lian Po stayed in Daliang for a long time, but Wei did not trust or rely on him. Zhao had suffered repeated defeats at the hands of Qin forces, and King Zhao longed to have Lian Po back. Lian Po also wished to be reemployed by Zhao. King Zhao sent envoys to see whether Lian Po was still capable of service. Lian Po's enemy Guo Kai gave a great deal of gold to the envoys, instructing them to speak ill of him. After Zhao's envoys met Lian Po, he ate a whole dou of rice and ten jin of meat in one meal, put on armor, mounted his horse, to show that he was still capable. Zhao's envoy returned and reported to the king, "General Lian is old now, but still eats heartily. However, while sitting with me, he had three bowel movements in a short time." King Zhao thought him too old and thus did not summon him.
21 打开字典廉颇蔺相... :
楚闻廉颇在魏，阴使人迎之。廉颇一为楚将，无功，曰：“我思用赵人。”廉颇卒死于寿春。Chu, having heard that Lian Po was in Wei, secretly sent people to invite him. Lian Po once served as a general of Chu but achieved no success. He said, "I miss serving Zhao." Lian Po died in Shouchun.
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李牧者，赵之北边良将也。常居代雁门，备匈奴。以便宜置吏，市租皆输入莫府，为士卒费。日击数牛飨士，习射骑，谨烽火，多闲谍，厚遇战士。为约曰：“匈奴即入盗，急入收保，有敢捕虏者斩。”匈奴每入，烽火谨，辄入收保，不敢战。如是数岁，亦不亡失。然匈奴以李牧为怯，虽赵边兵亦以为吾将怯。赵王让李牧，李牧如故。赵王怒，召之，使他人代将。Li Mu was a capable general on the northern frontier of Zhao. He often resided in Dai and Yanmen, guarding against the Xiongnu. He appointed officials at his own discretion, and all market taxes were paid into his private office to be used for the soldiers' expenses. Every day, he slaughtered several oxen to entertain his troops, trained them in archery and horseback riding, kept the beacon fires under strict control, maintained many spies on patrol, and treated soldiers with great generosity. He made a rule: "If the Xiongnu raiders enter, quickly retreat and take up defensive positions. Anyone who dares to pursue or capture them will be executed." Whenever the Xiongnu raided, since the beacon fires were carefully maintained and troops promptly retreated into fortified positions, they dared not engage in battle. In this way for several years, there was no loss or defeat. However, the Xiongnu considered Li Mu timid, and even Zhao's frontier troops also thought their general cowardly. King Zhao reprimanded Li Mu, but Li Mu continued as before. King Zhao became angry and summoned him, appointing someone else to take command.
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岁馀，匈奴每来，出战。出战，数不利，失亡多，边不得田畜。复请李牧。牧杜门不出，固称疾。赵王乃复强起使将兵。牧曰：“王必用臣，臣如前，乃敢奉令。”王许之。After more than a year, whenever the Xiongnu came, they engaged in battle. Whenever they fought, they often suffered defeats and heavy losses; the frontier could no longer support farming or animal husbandry. They requested Li Mu's return. Li Mu closed his door and refused to come out, firmly claiming illness. King Zhao then insisted on recalling him to command troops once more. Li Mu said, "If the king must use me, I will act as before; only then shall I obey your orders." The king agreed.
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李牧至，如故约。匈奴数岁无所得。终以为怯。边士日得赏赐而不用，皆愿一战。于是乃具选车得千三百乘，选骑得万三千匹，百金之士五万人，彀者十万人，悉勒习战。大纵畜牧，人民满野。匈奴小入，详北不胜，以数千人委之。单于闻之，大率众来入。李牧多为奇陈，张左右翼击之，大破杀匈奴十馀万骑。灭襜褴，破东胡，降林胡，单于奔走。其后十馀岁，匈奴不敢近赵边城。Li Mu arrived and followed the previous arrangements as before. For several years, the Xiongnu gained nothing. They still considered him timid. The frontier soldiers received daily rewards and gifts but had no opportunity to use them, all wishing for a battle. Thus he carefully selected 1,300 chariots, 13,000 cavalry horses, 50,000 elite soldiers each worth a hundred gold pieces, and 100,000 archers, all rigorously trained for battle. He then let livestock roam freely in the fields, with people scattered across the countryside. When the Xiongnu made a minor raid, he pretended to retreat and suffer defeat, leaving thousands of soldiers behind as spoils. The Chanyu heard about this and led his entire army in for an attack. Li Mu deployed many unusual formations, extended the left and right wings to strike them down, and utterly defeated the Xiongnu, killing more than 100,000 of their cavalry. He destroyed the Danshili, crushed the Donghu, subdued the Linhu, and the Chanyu fled in panic. For more than ten years afterward, the Xiongnu dared not approach Zhao's border cities.
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赵悼襄王元年，廉颇既亡入魏，赵使李牧攻燕，拔武遂、方城。居二年，庞暖破燕军，杀剧辛。后七年，秦破杀赵将扈辄于武遂，斩首十万。赵乃以李牧为大将军，击秦军于宜安，大破秦军，走秦将桓齮。封李牧为武安君。居三年，秦攻番吾，李牧击破秦军，南距韩、魏。In the first year of King Daoxiang of Zhao, after Lian Po had fled to Wei, Zhao sent Li Mu to attack Yan and captured Wusui and Fangcheng. Two years later, Pang Juan defeated the Yan army and killed Ju Xin. Seven years later, Qin defeated and killed Zhao's general Hu Zhe at Wusui, beheading 100,00 people. Zhao then appointed Li Mu as Grand General and attacked the Qin army at Yian, where he utterly defeated them and drove away their general Huanyi. Li Mu was enfeoffed as Lord Wu'an. Three years later, when Qin attacked Fanwu, Li Mu defeated the Qin army and resisted southward against Han and Wei.
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赵王迁七年，秦使王翦攻赵，赵使李牧、司马尚御之。秦多与赵王宠臣郭开金，为反闲，言李牧、司马尚欲反。赵王乃使赵葱及齐将颜聚代李牧。李牧不受命，赵使人微捕得李牧，斩之。废司马尚。后三月，王翦因急击赵，大破杀赵葱，虏赵王迁及其将颜聚，遂灭赵。In the seventh year of King Qian's reign in Zhao, Qin sent Wang Jian to attack Zhao, and Zhao dispatched Li Mu and Sima Shang to resist him. Qin gave a great amount of gold to Guo Kai, Zhao's favored minister, who acted as an agent and spread false rumors that Li Mu and Sima Shang were plotting rebellion. King Zhao then sent Zhao Cong and Yan Ju, a general from Qi, to replace Li Mu. Li Mu refused the order, so Zhao sent people secretly to arrest him and had him executed. Sima Shang was dismissed from office. Three months later, Wang Jian quickly attacked Zhao and utterly defeated Zhao Cong, capturing King Qian of Zhao and his general Yan Ju. Thus Zhao was destroyed.
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太史公曰：知死必勇，非死者难也，处死者难。方蔺相如引璧睨柱，及叱秦王左右，势不过诛，然士或怯懦而不敢发。相如一奋其气，威信敌国，退而让颇，名重太山，其处智勇，可谓兼之矣！Grand Historian said: To know death is to be courageous; it is not dying that is difficult, but deciding how to face death. When Lin Xiangru held up the jade and glared at the pillar, and when he scolded the attendants of King Qin, the situation could have led to his death, yet some men were timid and lacked the courage to act. Lin Xiangru, with a single display of courage, established his authority over the enemy state. Afterward, he yielded to Lian Po and thus gained fame as heavy as Mount Tai. His demonstration of wisdom and bravery can truly be called exemplary!